Perovskite precursors and additives

Methylammonium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N). Moreover, we offer a special grade of methylammonium iodide (DN-P02P), based on 4N grade material, but containing a controlled amount of phosphite as an additive, which aids in the formation of high-quality methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films.

Alternative name:

MAI, Methanamine hydriodide, Methylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃I

CAS number:

14965-49-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 158.95 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P02-4N: Methylammonium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P02-5N: Methylammonium iodide 99.999 %

Product specification DN-P02P: Methylammonium iodide, 1500 ppm P

References:

• M. Lee et al., Science 338, 643 (2012) DOI: 10.1126/science.1228604
• Kim et al. Scientific Reports 2: 591 DOI: 10.1038/srep00591
• I. Levchuk et al. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1600593 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600593
• Z. Xiao et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9, 867DOI: 10.1039/c6ee00183a
• Y. Deng et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ee03907f

Methylammonium chloride

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy.

Alternative name:

MACl, Methylammonium monohydrochloride, Methylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃Cl

CAS number:

593-51-1

Typical properties:

M_W = 67.52 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P08-4N: Methylammonium chloride 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P08-5N: Methylammonium chloride 99.999 %

Methylammonium bromide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

MABr, Methylamine hydrobromide, Methanaminium bromide

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃Br

CAS number:

6876-37-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 111.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P09-4N: Methylammonium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P09-5N: Methylammonium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C
• Yang et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 10, 3159-3167, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01664

Formamidinium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparing engineered narrow bandgap perovskite materials for increased efficiency. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FAI, Formamidine hydroiodide, Methanimidamide iodide, Iminomethylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂I

CAS number:

879643-71-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 171.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P10-4N: Formamidinium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P10-5N: Formamidinium iodide 99.999 %

References:

• Jeon, N. J. et al., Nature, 2015, DOI: 10.1038/nature14133
• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C
• Yang et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 10, 3159-3167, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01664

Formamidinium bromide

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Description:

Salt for bandgap tuning of perovskite materials. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FABr, Formamidine hydrobromide, Methanimidamide bromide, Iminomethylamine hydrobromide

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂Br

CAS number:

146958-06-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 124.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P11-4N: Formamidinium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P11-5N: Formamidinium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Eperon, G.E. et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE43822H

Formamidinium thiocyanate

Description:

Formamidinium thiocyanate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

FASCN, Formamidine hydrothiocyanate, Methanimidamide thiocyanate, Iminomethylamine hydrothiocyanate

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂SCN

CAS number:

1821033-48-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 103.14 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P13: Formamidinium thiocyanate

Methylammonium formate

Description:

Methylammonium formate is an ionic liquid from which high quality films of perovskites such as MAPbI₃ can be grown in a controlled manner.

Alternative name:

MAFa

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃HCO₂

CAS number:

25596-28-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 77.08 g/mol

T_m = -21.7 °C

T_b = 162.1 °C

Reference:

• Chem. Mater., 2015, 27 (9), pp 3197-3199, DOI: 10.1021/cm5047484
• J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111 (18), pp 4926-4937, DOI: 10.1021/jp067589u

Guanidinium iodide

Description:

Guanidinium iodide can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

GuI, GuaI, GdmI, Diaminomethaniminium iodide, Aminoformamidine hydriode, Guanidine hydriodide, Guanidine monohydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₆IN₃

CAS number:

19227-70-4

Typical properties:

M_W = 186.98 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P15: Guanidinium iodide

Reference:

• Jodlowski, A. D. et al., Nature Energy, 2, 972-979 (2017), DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017-0054-3

Phenylethylammonium iodide

Description:

Salt for preparation of 2D perovskites or2D/3D-mixed perovskites with enhanced phase and ambient stability.

Alternative name:

Phenetylammonium iodide, 2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide, 2-Phenylethylamine Hydroiodide, PEAI, Phenethylamine Hydroiodide, 2-Phenylethylammonium Iodide

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₂IN

CAS number:

151059-43-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 249.10 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P18: Phenethylammonium iodide

References:

• Li et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601307, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601307

• Lee et al., Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 3021 (2018) , DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05454-4

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide

Description:

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide is an interface passivator for perovskite solar cells that can significantly accelerate the charge extraction from the perovskite materials into the hole-transporters and reduce device hysteresis as well as improve the device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

tBBAI

Structural formula:

C₁₁H₁₈IN

CAS number:

2366873-27-8

Typical properties:

M_W = 291.18 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P21-3N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.9%

Product specification DN-P21-4N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.99%

References:

• Hongwei Zhu, et al., Adv. Mater. 2020, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907757

Formamidinium chloride

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Description:

Perovskite precursor opening for further optimization of crystallization, grain size and surface morphology of the perovskite layer. In mixed halide PSCs, the addition of FACl has shown to suppress the formation of bulk and surface defects, providing a perovskite film with enhanced crystallinity and large grain size. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FACl (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FACl, Formamidine hydrochloride, Methanimidamide chloride, Iminomethylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂Cl

CAS number:

6313-33-3

Typical properties:

M_W = 80.52 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P22-4N: Formamidinium chloride 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P22-5N: Formamidinium chloride 99.999 %

References:

• Atsushi Suzuki, et al., Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803587

• Minjin Kim, et al., Journal of Electronic Materials, 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s11664-019-07153-2

Phenylethylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Anion engineering of phenethylammonium-based two-dimensional materials such as phenetylammonium thiocynate (PEASCN) and phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) can be used to control the structural and electrical properties of the 2D or 2D-3D perovskite, enabling efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Alternative name:

Phenetylammonium thiocyanate

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₂NSCN

Typical properties:

M_W = 180.27 g/mol

References:

• Science, Vol 368, Issue 6487, pp. 155-160, DOI:/full/10.1126/science.aba3433

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Formamidinium formate

Description:

Pseudo-halide anion formate, such as formamidinium formate (FAFo) has been successfully introduced as an additive in perovskite precursor to effectively suppress anion-vacancy defects at both grain boundaries and the surface of the perovskite films. The defect passivation and the improved crystallinity of the additional formamidinium formate are critical in obtaining highly efficient perovskite solar cells with certified power conversion efficiency of over 25%.

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂HCO₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 90.08 g/mol

References:

• Nature, Vol. 592, pp. 381-385 (2021) DOI:.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03406-5

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Cesium bromide

Description:

Cesium bromide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:

CsBr

CAS number:

7787-69-1

Typical properties:

M_W = 212.81 g/mol

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Cesium iodide

Description:

Cesium iodide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:

CsI

Typical properties:

M_W = 259.81 g/mol

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Cesium chloride

Description:

Cesium chloride can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

Structural formula:

CsCl

Typical properties:

M_W = 168.36 g/mol

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Guanidinium thiocyanate

Description:

Guanidinium thiocynate can be used as post-treatment agent to passivate the perovskite interface by reducing surface charge recombination, which results in improvement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells with reduced hysteresis.

Structural formula:

CH₆N₃SCN

CAS number:

593-84-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 118.16 g/mol

References:

• Nano Energy, Vol. 41, 2017, pp. 476-487, DOI:.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.006

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Methylammonium acetate

Description:

Methylammonium acetate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite precursor to improve the efficiency of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

Methylamine Acetate, MAAc

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₂CH₃COOH

CAS number:

6998-30-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 91.11 g/mol

References:

• Lingfeng Chao, et al., Research, 2020, DOI: 10.34133/2020/2616345

Formamidinium acetate

Description:

Formamidinium acetate can be used to synthesize δ-FAPbI₃ and α-FAPbI₃ by the powder engineering method.

Alternative name:

Formamidine acetate, FAAc

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂CH₃COOH

CAS number:

3473-63-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 104.11 g/mol

References:

• Nano Energy Vol. 87, 2021, 106152, DOI:.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106152

Benzylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Benzylammonium thiocyanate can be used in perovskite solar cells to improve device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

BASCN

Structural formula:

C₇H₁₀NSCN

CAS number:

51571-89-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 166.24 g/mol

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2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide

Description:

2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide have been used as an interfacial treatment and shown to play a key role in enhancing perovskite solar cell device performance and especially effectively improvement in long-term stability.

Alternative name:

CEAI

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 255.14 g/mol

References:

• ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3916-3923, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01811

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide

Description:

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide is an effective passivation agent for interfacial treatment between the perovskite and hole transporting layer, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:

o-PDEAI₂

Structural formula:

C₁₀H₁₈N₂I₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 420.07 g/mol

References:

• Liu, C., Yang, Y., Rakstys, K. et al. Nat Commun 12, 6394 (2021), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2

Phenylethylammonium formate

Description:

Phenethylammonium formate is an effective passivation agent to the surface defects of perovskite, and it could be also employed as spacer cation in two-dimensional halide perovskites to enhance carrier diffusion in the near-surface regions and reduce defect density, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:

Phenetylammonium formate, PEAFa₂

Structural formula:

C₉H₁₃NO₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 167.21 g/mol

References:

• Liu, C., Yang, Y., Rakstys, K. et al. Nat. Commun., 12, 6394 (2021), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2
• Gao, D., Jen, A. K., Yang, S. and Zhu, Z. et al., Adv. Mater., 2023, 35, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2

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Octylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P35 (n-octylammonium iodide) (OAI) is one precursor utilized as one spacer layer in 2D or quasi 2D perovskite solar cells, and OAI was also considered as an import modifier in fabrication of high-quality 3D perovskites for photovoltaic devices. Octylammonium cations have been used as encapsulating additive and passivation layer favoring the crystal growing along the preferential crystal orientation without the formation of layered structures in contrast to butylammonium (BA) and phenethylammonium (PEA) cations and reducing non-radiative recombination. (Jung et al., 2018). And OMA has also been deployed for construction of the capping 2D layers to the bulk 3D underlayer in PSCs. Elongated device durability and boosted device efficiency with certified value of 22.9% was achieved. (Jung et al., 2019).
With a purity level > 99% and an extremely low moisture content, Dyenamo’s DN-P35 (n-octylammonium iodide, OAI) has a superior quality for stable results and optimal performance.

Alternative name:

OAI

Structural formula:

C₈H₂₀NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 257.16 g/mol

References:

• M. Jung, T. J. Shin, G. Kim, S. I. Seok, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 2188, 2018, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE00995C
• H. Kim, S.-U. Lee, D. Y. Lee, M. J. Paik, H. Na, J. Lee, S. I. Seok, Adv. Energy Mater., 9, 1902740, 2019, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201902740

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Ammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P36 (ammonium iodide, NH₄I) is an effective additive to manipulate the nucleation and crystal growth of perovskites, wherein the formation and transition of intermediate x[NH₄]⁺[PbI₃]^x- enables high-quality perovskite layers with an enlarged grain and reduced defect density. (Qi et al., 2021). In addition, the introduction of NH₄I in perovskite precursor was verified to be a versatile approach in producing pure and high quality FACs perovskite films that is compatible with scalable blade-coating technique (Bach et al., 2023).
With purity levels of 4N (>99.99%), and 5N (>99.999%) and extremely low moisture content, Dyenamo's DN-P36 Products (Ammonium iodide, AI) have superior qualities affording stable results and premium performance.

Alternative names:

Aqua-Iodine
Ammonium iodide
Azanium iodide
Ammonium-iodid
Ammonium jodatum etc.

Structural formula:

NH₄I

Typical properties:

M_W = 144.94 g/mol

References:

• W. Qi, J. Li, Y. Li, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac., 13, 34053, 2021. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05903
• J. Zhao, Y. Cheng, U. Bach, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 16, 138, 2023. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE01634F

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Ethylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P37 (Ethylammonium iodide (EAI)), is an organic precursor used for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells and LEDs. EA possesses larger radius than Cs, MA and FA, incorporating in the [PbI₆]^4- lattice resulted in a 1D, orange colored EAPbI₃ with an extended optical bandgap of 2.2 eV (Lin et al., 2020). Partial replacement of smaller cations, such as Cs, MA with larger EA was verified to be an effective approach to increase the crystal symmetry, improve material stability, and markedly enhance the photocarrier lifetime of the alloy perovskites (Peng et al., 2016, Shi et al., 2017). In addition, EAI was also confirmed to be an effective additive in constructing high quality, low defect all inorganic CsPbI₃ based films at relatively low temperature. (Xu et al., 2021).
Dyenamo's Ethylammonium iodide has a purity level of >99% affording stable results and superior performance.

Alternative names:

Ethylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:

C₂H₈IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 173.00 g/mol

References:

• C. Lin, F. Liu, A. Ahn, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac., 12, 5008, 2020. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17881
• W. Peng, X. Miao, O. Bakr, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 10686, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604880
• Z. Shi, Y. Zhang, Z. Ning, et al., Adv. Mater., 29, 1701656, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701656
• S. Xu, A. Libanori, J. Chen, et al., Adv. Mater., 29, 1701656, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102235

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Dimethylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P38 (Dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI), i.e. the isomer of DN-P37 (Ethylammonium iodide), is a widely used organic precursor used for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. DMAPbI₃ is a stable 2D perovskite with larger bandgap of 2.59 eV (Garcia-Fernandez et al., 2017). In addition, DMAI has been used to CsPbI₃-based inorganic perovskites at low temperature. (Ke et al., 2018). The dimethylammonium iodide is recognized as a benchmark additive in fabricating high efficiency and stable of inorganic CsPbI₃ perovskite solar cells. (Zhao et al., 2019). Also, the addition of the cation dimethylammonium to perovskite compositions causes a tilt in the perovskite octahedra, increasing the crystal symmetry and resulting in efficient and stable PSCs. (Snaith et al., 2022).
Dyenamo's dimethylammonium iodide is of adequate purity affording consistent results and superior performance.

Alternative names:

Dimethylamine hydriodide
N-methylmethanamine hydroiodide

Structural formula:

C₂H₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 173.00 g/mol

References:

• A. Garcia-Fernandez, et al., Inorg. Chem., 56, 4918, 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03095
• W. Ke, I. Spanopoulos, C. C. Stoumpos, et al., Nature Comm., 9, 4785, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07204-y
• ZY. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Zhao, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 131, 16844, 2019. DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910800
• D. McMeekin, P. Holzhey, H. Snaith, et al., Nature Mater., 22, 73, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01399-8

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Phenylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P39 (Phenylammonium iodide, C₆H₈NI) is an aromatic halide salt used to construct efficient interfacial layer between perovskite and charge transporting layers to passivate the perovskite surface defects and facilitate charge transportation, thereby boosting the device performance and enhancing the device robustness.

Alternative names:

Phenylammonium iodide salt

Aniline hydroiodide

Anilinium iodide salt

Benzenaminium iodide salt

Benzenaminium hydroiodide

Structural formula:

C₆H₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 221.04 g/mol

References:

• F. S. Ghoreishi, M. B. Johansson, G. Boschloo, E. M. J. Johansson, J. Power Sources, 473, 228492, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228492
• R. Lin, J. Xu, M. Wei, et al., Nature, 603, 73, 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04372-8

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Phenylpropylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P40 (3-Phenylpropylammonium iodide, C₉H₁₄NI, PPAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct perovskite based optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LED). With PPAI as surface passivator, effective defect passivation on the perovskite surface and successful iodine migration inhibition have been shown, simultaneously enhancing efficiency and stability in both LED and solar cells devices.

Alternative names:

Phenylpropylammonium iodide salt

3-phenylpropan-1-aminium iodide

3-Phenylpropylamine hydroiodide

Phenpropylamine hydroiodide

PPAI

Structural formula:

C₉H₁₄NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 263,12 g/mol

References:

• Y. Guo, S. Apergi, N. Li, et al., Nature Comm., 12, 644, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20970-6
• G. Ren, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Liu, M. Wang, W. Guo, Energy Environ. Sci., 16, 565, 2023. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03708D

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Phenylbutylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P41 (4-Phenylbutylammonium iodide, C₁₀H₁₆NI, PBAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct layered two-dimensional perovskites and surface passivator to the defects of perovskites in LED and solar cells devices. PBAI was validated to show profound effects on modulating the charge recombination pathways and inhibiting unfavorable ion migration etc.

Alternative names:

4-phenylbutylammonium iodide salt

4-phenylbutan-1-aminium iodide

4-phenylbutylamine hydroiodide

Phenbutylamine hydroiodide

4-Phenybutylammonium iodide

PBAI

Structural formula:

C₁₀H₁₆NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 277,16 g/mol

References:

• Z. He, Y. Liu, Z. Yang, et al., ACS Photonics, 6, 587, 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01435
• G. Ren, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Liu, M. Wang, W. Guo, Energy Environ. Sci., 16, 565, 2023. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03708D

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Phenylethylammonium acetate

Description:

DN-P42 (Phenylethylammonium acetate, PEAAc) is a typical surface regulator to perovskites in perovskite based optoelectronic devices. With delicately manipulated cation and anion, PEA+ and Ac- have demonstrated strong chemical binding to both acceptor and donor defects of surface-terminating ends on perovskite films, thereby, contributing to an improved device performance and extended durability under operational conditions.

Alternative names:

Phenethylammonium acetate

2-phenylethan-1-aminium acetate

2-phenylethylamine hydroacetate

Phenethylamine acetic acid

2-phenylethylammonium acetate

Benzeneethanamine acetate

PEAAc

Structural formula:

C₁₀H₁₅NO₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 181,24 g/mol

References:

• Z. D. Gao, A. K. Y. Jen, S. Yang, Z. Zhu, et al., Adv. Mater., 35, 2206387, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206387

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