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Home > Materials > Perovskite precursors and additives

Perovskite precursors and additives

Perovskite solar cells are hybrid inorganic-organic solar cells. Since the breakthrough in 2012 (Lee et al. Science 338, 643, 2012; Kim et al. Scientific Reports 2: 591, 2012), the technique has climbed quickly in efficiency to reach the current record of 25.2 %. Dyenamo offers two standard purity grades of salts for perovskite preparation; >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N). In addition, we offer a special grade of methylammonium iodide (DN-P02P), based on 4N grade material, but containing a controlled amount of phosphite as an additive. Apart from the precursor salts, we offer a selection of additives to our precursor salts for improved perovskite compositions. Other purity-grades and/or other materials are available on demand, please contact us for such request. Likewise, please contact us for larger amounts than the ones displayed.

Further strategic Dyenamo material-components for perovskite solar cells can be found in the product categories: Hole transport materials and dopants, Carbon pastes, TiO2 and platinum pastes and FTO glass.


Overview

Anion Iodide Chloride Bromide Thiocyanate Formate Acetate
Cation
Ammonium DN-P36
- - - - -
Methylammonium DN-P02
DN-P08
DN-P09
- DN-P14
DN-P29
Dimethylammonium DN-P38
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -
Ethylammonium DN-P37
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -
Formamidinium DN-P10
DN-P22
DN-P11
DN-P13
DN-P24
DN-P30
Guanidinium DN-P15
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
DN-P28
Available
on demand
-
Phenylammonium DN-P39 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -
Phenylethylammonium DN-P18 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
DN-P23
DN-P34
DN-P42
Phenylpropylammonium DN-P40 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -
Phenylbutylammonium DN-P41 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -
4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium DN-P21 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
-
Cesium DN-P26 DN-P27 DN-P25 - - -
Benzylammonium Available
on demand
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
DN-P31 - -
Cyclohexyl-
ethylammonium
DN-P32 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- -
ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) DN-P33 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- -
Octylammonium DN-P35 Available
on demand
Available
on demand
- - -




DN-P02

Methylammonium iodide




Description:
Salt for preparation of CH3NH3PbI3. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N). Moreover, we offer a special grade of methylammonium iodide (DN-P02P), based on 4N grade material, but containing a controlled amount of phosphite as an additive, which aids in the formation of high-quality methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films.

Alternative name:
MAI, Methanamine hydriodide, Methylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:
CH3NH3I

CAS number:
14965-49-2

Typical properties:
MW = 158.95 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P02-4N: Methylammonium iodide 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P02-5N: Methylammonium iodide 99.999 %
Product specification DN-P02P: Methylammonium iodide, 1500 ppm P

References:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P02-4N Methylammonium iodide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P02-5N Methylammonium iodide 99.999 %, trace elements basis
DN-P02P Methylammonium iodide 1500 ppm P
 

DN-P08

Methylammonium chloride




Description:
Salt for preparation of CH3NH3PbCl3 opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy.

Alternative name:
MACl, Methylammonium monohydrochloride, Methylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:
CH3NH3Cl

CAS number:
593-51-1

Typical properties:
MW = 67.52 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P08-4N: Methylammonium chloride 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P08-5N: Methylammonium chloride 99.999 %

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P08-4N Methylammonium chloride 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P08-5N Methylammonium chloride 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P09

Methylammonium bromide




Description:
Salt for preparation of CH3NH3PbBr3 opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:
MABr, Methylamine hydrobromide, Methanaminium bromide

Structural formula:
CH3NH3Br

CAS number:
6876-37-5

Typical properties:
MW = 111.97 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P09-4N: Methylammonium bromide 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P09-5N: Methylammonium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P09-4N Methylammonium bromide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P09-5N Methylammonium bromide 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P10

Formamidinium iodide




Description:
Salt for preparing engineered narrow bandgap perovskite materials for increased efficiency. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:
FAI, Formamidine hydroiodide, Methanimidamide iodide, Iminomethylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:
CH5N2I

CAS number:
879643-71-7

Typical properties:
MW = 171.97 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P10-4N: Formamidinium iodide 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P10-5N: Formamidinium iodide 99.999 %

References:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P10-4N Formamidinium iodide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P10-5N Formamidinium iodide 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P11

Formamidinium bromide




Description:
Salt for bandgap tuning of perovskite materials. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:
FABr, Formamidine hydrobromide, Methanimidamide bromide, Iminomethylamine hydrobromide

Structural formula:
CH5N2Br

CAS number:
146958-06-7

Typical properties:
MW = 124.97 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P11-4N: Formamidinium bromide 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P11-5N: Formamidinium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P11-4N Formamidinium bromide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P11-5N Formamidinium bromide 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P13

Formamidinium thiocyanate




Description:
Formamidinium thiocyanate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:
FASCN, Formamidine hydrothiocyanate, Methanimidamide thiocyanate, Iminomethylamine hydrothiocyanate

Structural formula:
CH5N2SCN

CAS number:
1821033-48-0

Typical properties:
MW = 103.14 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P13: Formamidinium thiocyanate
Select amount for quotation



DN-P14

Methylammonium formate




Description:
Methylammonium formate is an ionic liquid from which high quality films of perovskites such as MAPbI3 can be grown in a controlled manner.

Alternative name:
MAFa

Structural formula:
CH3NH3HCO2

CAS number:
25596-28-5

Typical properties:
MW = 77.08 g/mol
Tm = -21.7 °C
Tb = 162.1 °C

Reference:


DN-P15

Guanidinium iodide




Description:
Guanidinium iodide can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:
GuI, GuaI, GdmI, Diaminomethaniminium iodide, Aminoformamidine hydriode, Guanidine hydriodide, Guanidine monohydriodide

Structural formula:
CH6IN3

CAS number:
19227-70-4

Typical properties:
MW = 186.98 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P15: Guanidinium iodide

Reference:

Select amount for quotation



DN-P18

Phenylethylammonium iodide




Description:
Salt for preparation of 2D perovskites or2D/3D-mixed perovskites with enhanced phase and ambient stability.

Alternative name:
Phenetylammonium iodide, 2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide, 2-Phenylethylamine Hydroiodide, PEAI, Phenethylamine Hydroiodide, 2-Phenylethylammonium Iodide

Structural formula:
C8H12IN

CAS number:
151059-43-7

Typical properties:
MW = 249.10 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P18: Phenethylammonium iodide

References:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P18-4N Phenylethylammonium iodide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P18-5N Phenylethylammonium iodide 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P21

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide




Description:
4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide is an interface passivator for perovskite solar cells that can significantly accelerate the charge extraction from the perovskite materials into the hole-transporters and reduce device hysteresis as well as improve the device performance and stability.

Alternative name:
tBBAI

Structural formula:
C11H18IN

CAS number:
2366873-27-8

Typical properties:
MW = 291.18 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P21-3N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.9%
Product specification DN-P21-4N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.99%

References:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P21-3N 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.9 %, trace elements basis
DN-P21-4N 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P22

Formamidinium chloride




Description:
Perovskite precursor opening for further optimization of crystallization, grain size and surface morphology of the perovskite layer. In mixed halide PSCs, the addition of FACl has shown to suppress the formation of bulk and surface defects, providing a perovskite film with enhanced crystallinity and large grain size. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FACl (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:
FACl, Formamidine hydrochloride, Methanimidamide chloride, Iminomethylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:
CH5N2Cl

CAS number:
6313-33-3

Typical properties:
MW = 80.52 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P22-4N: Formamidinium chloride 99.99 %
Product specification DN-P22-5N: Formamidinium chloride 99.999 %

References:

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P22-4N Formamidinium chloride 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P22-5N Formamidinium chloride 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P23

Phenylethylammonium thiocyanate




Description:
Anion engineering of phenethylammonium-based two-dimensional materials such as phenetylammonium thiocynate (PEASCN) and phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) can be used to control the structural and electrical properties of the 2D or 2D-3D perovskite, enabling efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Alternative name:
Phenetylammonium thiocyanate

Structural formula:
C8H12NSCN

Typical properties:
MW = 180.27 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P24

Formamidinium formate




Description:
Pseudo-halide anion formate, such as formamidinium formate (FAFo) has been successfully introduced as an additive in perovskite precursor to effectively suppress anion-vacancy defects at both grain boundaries and the surface of the perovskite films. The defect passivation and the improved crystallinity of the additional formamidinium formate are critical in obtaining highly efficient perovskite solar cells with certified power conversion efficiency of over 25%.

Structural formula:
CH5N2HCO2

Typical properties:
MW = 90.08 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P25

Cesium bromide




Description:
Cesium bromide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:
CsBr

CAS number:
7787-69-1

Typical properties:
MW = 212.81 g/mol

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P25-4N Cesium bromide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P26

Cesium iodide




Description:
Cesium iodide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:
CsI

Typical properties:
MW = 259.81 g/mol

Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P26-4N Cesium iodide 99.99 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P27

Cesium chloride




Description:
Cesium chloride can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

Structural formula:
CsCl

Typical properties:
MW = 168.36 g/mol


DN-P28

Guanidinium thiocyanate




Description:
Guanidinium thiocynate can be used as post-treatment agent to passivate the perovskite interface by reducing surface charge recombination, which results in improvement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells with reduced hysteresis.

Structural formula:
CH6N3SCN

CAS number:
593-84-0

Typical properties:
MW = 118.16 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P29

Methylammonium acetate




Description:
Methylammonium acetate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite precursor to improve the efficiency of the solar cell.

Alternative name:
Methylamine Acetate, MAAc

Structural formula:
CH3NH2CH3COOH

CAS number:
6998-30-7

Typical properties:
MW = 91.11 g/mol

References:

Select amount for quotation



DN-P30

Formamidinium acetate




Description:
Formamidinium acetate can be used to synthesize δ-FAPbI3 and α-FAPbI3 by the powder engineering method.

Alternative name:
Formamidine acetate, FAAc

Structural formula:
CH5N2CH3COOH

CAS number:
3473-63-0

Typical properties:
MW = 104.11 g/mol

References:
Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P30-4N Formamidinium acetate 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P30-5N Formamidinium acetate 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

DN-P31

Benzylammonium thiocyanate




Description:
Benzylammonium thiocyanate can be used in perovskite solar cells to improve device performance and stability.

Alternative name:
BASCN

Structural formula:
C7H10NSCN

CAS number:
51571-89-2

Typical properties:
MW = 166.24 g/mol

Select amount for quotation



DN-P32

2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide




Description:
2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide have been used as an interfacial treatment and shown to play a key role in enhancing perovskite solar cell device performance and especially effectively improvement in long-term stability.

Alternative name:
CEAI

Structural formula:
C8H18NI

Typical properties:
MW = 255.14 g/mol

References:

Select amount for quotation



DN-P33

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide




Description:
ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide is an effective passivation agent for interfacial treatment between the perovskite and hole transporting layer, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:
o-PDEAI2

Structural formula:
C10H18N2I2

Typical properties:
MW = 420.07 g/mol

References:

Select amount for quotation



DN-P34

Phenylethylammonium formate




Description:
Phenethylammonium formate is an effective passivation agent to the surface defects of perovskite, and it could be also employed as spacer cation in two-dimensional halide perovskites to enhance carrier diffusion in the near-surface regions and reduce defect density, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:
Phenetylammonium formate, PEAFa2

Structural formula:
C9H13NO2

Typical properties:
MW = 167.21 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P35

Octylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P35 (n-octylammonium iodide) (OAI) is one precursor utilized as one spacer layer in 2D or quasi 2D perovskite solar cells, and OAI was also considered as an import modifier in fabrication of high-quality 3D perovskites for photovoltaic devices. Octylammonium cations have been used as encapsulating additive and passivation layer favoring the crystal growing along the preferential crystal orientation without the formation of layered structures in contrast to butylammonium (BA) and phenethylammonium (PEA) cations and reducing non-radiative recombination. (Jung et al., 2018). And OMA has also been deployed for construction of the capping 2D layers to the bulk 3D underlayer in PSCs. Elongated device durability and boosted device efficiency with certified value of 22.9% was achieved. (Jung et al., 2019).
With a purity level > 99% and an extremely low moisture content, Dyenamo’s DN-P35 (n-octylammonium iodide, OAI) has a superior quality for stable results and optimal performance.

Alternative name:
OAI

Structural formula:
C8H20NI

Typical properties:
MW = 257.16 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P36

Ammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P36 (ammonium iodide, NH4I) is an effective additive to manipulate the nucleation and crystal growth of perovskites, wherein the formation and transition of intermediate x[NH4]+[PbI3]x- enables high-quality perovskite layers with an enlarged grain and reduced defect density. (Qi et al., 2021). In addition, the introduction of NH4I in perovskite precursor was verified to be a versatile approach in producing pure and high quality FACs perovskite films that is compatible with scalable blade-coating technique (Bach et al., 2023).
With purity levels of 4N (>99.99%), and 5N (>99.999%) and extremely low moisture content, Dyenamo's DN-P36 Products (Ammonium iodide, AI) have superior qualities affording stable results and premium performance.

Alternative names:
Aqua-Iodine
Ammonium iodide
Azanium iodide
Ammonium-iodid
Ammonium jodatum etc.

Structural formula:
NH4I

Typical properties:
MW = 144.94 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P37

Ethylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P37 (Ethylammonium iodide (EAI)), is an organic precursor used for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells and LEDs. EA possesses larger radius than Cs, MA and FA, incorporating in the [PbI6]4- lattice resulted in a 1D, orange colored EAPbI3 with an extended optical bandgap of 2.2 eV (Lin et al., 2020). Partial replacement of smaller cations, such as Cs, MA with larger EA was verified to be an effective approach to increase the crystal symmetry, improve material stability, and markedly enhance the photocarrier lifetime of the alloy perovskites (Peng et al., 2016, Shi et al., 2017). In addition, EAI was also confirmed to be an effective additive in constructing high quality, low defect all inorganic CsPbI3 based films at relatively low temperature. (Xu et al., 2021).
Dyenamo's Ethylammonium iodide has a purity level of >99% affording stable results and superior performance.

Alternative names:
Ethylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:
C2H8IN

Typical properties:
MW = 173.00 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P38

Dimethylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P38 (Dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI), i.e. the isomer of DN-P37 (Ethylammonium iodide), is a widely used organic precursor used for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. DMAPbI3 is a stable 2D perovskite with larger bandgap of 2.59 eV (Garcia-Fernandez et al., 2017). In addition, DMAI has been used to CsPbI3-based inorganic perovskites at low temperature. (Ke et al., 2018). The dimethylammonium iodide is recognized as a benchmark additive in fabricating high efficiency and stable of inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. (Zhao et al., 2019). Also, the addition of the cation dimethylammonium to perovskite compositions causes a tilt in the perovskite octahedra, increasing the crystal symmetry and resulting in efficient and stable PSCs. (Snaith et al., 2022).
Dyenamo's dimethylammonium iodide is of adequate purity affording consistent results and superior performance.

Alternative names:
Dimethylamine hydriodide
N-methylmethanamine hydroiodide

Structural formula:
C2H8NI

Typical properties:
MW = 173.00 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P39

Phenylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P39 (Phenylammonium iodide, C6H8NI) is an aromatic halide salt used to construct efficient interfacial layer between perovskite and charge transporting layers to passivate the perovskite surface defects and facilitate charge transportation, thereby boosting the device performance and enhancing the device robustness.

Alternative names:
Phenylammonium iodide salt
Aniline hydroiodide
Anilinium iodide salt
Benzenaminium iodide salt
Benzenaminium hydroiodide

Structural formula:
C6H8NI

Typical properties:
MW = 221.04 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P40

Phenylpropylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P40 (3-Phenylpropylammonium iodide, C9H14NI, PPAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct perovskite based optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LED). With PPAI as surface passivator, effective defect passivation on the perovskite surface and successful iodine migration inhibition have been shown, simultaneously enhancing efficiency and stability in both LED and solar cells devices.

Alternative names:
Phenylpropylammonium iodide salt
3-phenylpropan-1-aminium iodide
3-Phenylpropylamine hydroiodide
Phenpropylamine hydroiodide
PPAI

Structural formula:
C9H14NI

Typical properties:
MW = 263,12 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P41

Phenylbutylammonium iodide




Description:
DN-P41 (4-Phenylbutylammonium iodide, C10H16NI, PBAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct layered two-dimensional perovskites and surface passivator to the defects of perovskites in LED and solar cells devices. PBAI was validated to show profound effects on modulating the charge recombination pathways and inhibiting unfavorable ion migration etc.

Alternative names:
4-phenylbutylammonium iodide salt
4-phenylbutan-1-aminium iodide
4-phenylbutylamine hydroiodide
Phenbutylamine hydroiodide
4-Phenybutylammonium iodide
PBAI

Structural formula:
C10H16NI

Typical properties:
MW = 277,16 g/mol

References:
Select amount for quotation



DN-P42

Phenylethylammonium acetate




Description:
DN-P42 (Phenylethylammonium acetate, PEAAc) is a typical surface regulator to perovskites in perovskite based optoelectronic devices. With delicately manipulated cation and anion, PEA+ and Ac- have demonstrated strong chemical binding to both acceptor and donor defects of surface-terminating ends on perovskite films, thereby, contributing to an improved device performance and extended durability under operational conditions.

Alternative names:
Phenethylammonium acetate
2-phenylethan-1-aminium acetate
2-phenylethylamine hydroacetate
Phenethylamine acetic acid
2-phenylethylammonium acetate
Benzeneethanamine acetate
PEAAc

Structural formula:
C10H15NO2

Typical properties:
MW = 181,24 g/mol

References:
Product Material Grade Select amount for quotation
DN-P42-4N Phenylethylammonium acetate 99.99 %, trace elements basis
DN-P42-5N Phenylethylammonium acetate 99.999 %, trace elements basis
 

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